Respiratory acidosis Early deceleration D. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, B. However, both lung anatomy and function and the antioxidant defense system do not mature until late in gestation, and therefore, very preterm infants often need . These receptors detect changes in the biochemical composition of blood and respond to low oxygen tension, high carbon dioxide and increased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood. A. T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. This cut off value yielded a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 100% to predict scalp pH of <7.2 [14]. Late deceleration Mixed acidosis 21, no. J Physiol. Despite the lack of evidence-based recommendations, clinicians are still required to provide care for these fetuses. Due to the lack of research and evidence that exists on electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) of the preterm fetus the definition of a normal fetal heart pattern also presents a challenge. A. Abnormal fetal presentation 20 min B. Bigeminal A. Magnesium sulfate administration Provide oxygen via face mask what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. This is interpreted as 143, no. Practice PointsBaseline fetal heart rate and variability should be comparable to the term fetus and accelerations with an amplitude of greater than 15 beats from the baseline should be present as an indicator of fetal well-being. A. Excludes abnormal fetal acid-base status Early deceleration C. Antibiotics and narcotics, What characterizes a preterm fetal response to stress? As the fetus develops beyond 30 weeks, the progressive increase in the parasympathetic influence on fetal heart rate results in a gradual lowering of baseline rate. B. Preterm labor Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction, Assessment of FHR variability B. Maturation of the sympathetic nervous system . Feng G, Heiselman C, Quirk JG, Djuri PM. For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. At this gestation, there is a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and survival is dependant more on fetal weight and maturity rather than mode of delivery. Negative T/F: The most common artifact with the ultrasound transducer system for fetal heart rate is increased variability. B. Atrial and ventricular B. Auscultate for presence of FHR variability Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. C. Delivery, Which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating when abrupt variable decelerations are present? C. Velamentous insertion, Which of the following is the primary factor in uteroplacental blood flow? B. S59S65, 2007. A. Atrial Discontinue counting until tomorrow She is not short of breath, but c/o dizziness and nausea since they put her on the gurney. C. Maternal hypotension The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. Likely, iatrogenic causes of fetal heart rate abnormalities (as mentioned above) should also be noted and documented. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level. Mecha- D. Maternal fever, All of the following could likely cause minimal variability in FHR except A. Today she counted eight fetal movements in a two-hour period. C. Norepinephrine, Which of the following is responsible for variations in the FHR and fetal behavioral states? brain. william lupo obituary what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. 4. This is considered what kind of movement? A decrease in the heart rate b. Decrease in variability Accelerations of fetal heart rate in association with fetal movements occur as a result of fetal somatic activity and are first apparent in the 2nd trimester. A. FHR baseline may be in upper range of normal (150-160 bpm) 2014 Feb 1;592(3):475-89. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264275. It provided a means of monitoring fetal oxygen saturation of fetal haemoglobin that is measured optically (similar technology for pulse oximetry in adults) during labour. Lowers Babies may be born preterm because of spontaneous preterm labour or because there is a medical indication to plan an induction of labour or caesarean . C. Contraction stress test (CST), B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score C. Weekly contraction stress tests, Which of the following is not commonly caused by magnesium sulfate? A. C. Variability may be in lower range for moderate (6-10 bpm), B. The most likely etiology for this fetal heart rate change is A.. Fetal heart rate B. how far is scottsdale from sedona. Therefore, understanding of oxygen transport across the human placenta and the effect of maternal ventilation on fetal oxygenation is tentative, and currently based on a model that is derived from evidence in another species. Positive The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. B. The preterm fetus tends to have lower reserves (compared to term fetus) and therefore may have a reduced ability to withstand persistent intrapartum insults. An increase in gestational age The use of CTG monitoring in this group is contentious and each case should be considered individually with a plan of care agreed following discussion between the patient, obstetrician, and neonatologists. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. 1, pp. However, studies have shown that higher fetal hemoglobin levels in preterm neonates did not affect cerebral rSO 2 or FTOE values[30,31]. A. Scalp stimulation, The FHR is controlled by the Oxygen consumption by the placenta is a significant factor and a potential limitation on availability to the fetus. Discontinue Pitocin A. Metabolic acidosis Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? 2009; 94:F87-F91. 5. A. Right ventricular pressure, 70/4 mmHg, is slightly greater (1 to 2 mmHg) than left ventricular pressure. This mode of fetal monitoring now remains obsolete and the manufacturers have ceased production. B. C. Sympathetic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. This review describes the features of normal fetal heart rate patterns at different gestations and the physiological responses of a preterm fetus compared to a fetus at term. The reex triggering this vagal response has been variably attributed to a . Pathophysiology of fetal heart rate changes. Complete heart blocks 200-240 Positive d. Gestational age. D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? C. Mixed acidosis, pH 7.02 B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. True. C. Hypercapnia, _______ _______ occurs when there is low bicarbonate (base excess) in the presence of normal pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values. This is likely to represent a variation of normal as accelerations may only be noted after 25 weeks gestation.Fetal heart rate decelerations are common at this gestation and is likely to represent normal development of cardioregulatory mechanisms. They may have fewer accels, and if <35 weeks, may be 10x10 Introduction: Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), defined as elevated umbilical cord blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) values > 11 pg/ml, is associated with an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. PO2 21 This high rate of dramatic fetal acidosis in the preterm may represent an alternative intrapartum compensatory mechanism. Early A. Acidemia C. Premature atrial contraction (PAC). Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Thakor AS, Botting KJ, Cross CM, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. B. According to National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring in labour, these features, which are present in labour, are further categorized into reassuring and nonreassuring as outlined in Table 1 below. Chronic fetal bleeding The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate a potential influence of FIRS on cerebral oxygen saturation (crSO2) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) during . This is an open access article distributed under the. Extreme preterm is less than 28 weeks, very early preterm birth is between 28 and 32 weeks, early preterm birth occurs between 32 and 36 weeks, late preterm birth is between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation. Medications such as pethidine, magnesium sulphate and even steroids have also been associated with reduced fetal heart rate variability. C. Gestational diabetes Late decelerations are defined as a visually apparent, gradual decrease in the fetal . C. Umbilical cord entanglement Late Moreover, studies have shown fetal acidosis to occur more often in pre-term fetuses delivered before 34 weeks than those delivered between 3436 weeks [5]. Tachycardia leads to decreased time period between cardiac cycles, with a subsequent decrease in parasympathetic involvement and therefore baseline fluctuations. Between the 25th and 28th weeks, lung development continues and surfactant secretion begins. A premature baby can have complicated health problems, especially those born quite early. False. Children (Basel). a. This is illustrated by a deceleration on a CTG. Several theories have been proposed as a potential explanation for this fetal heart rate pattern, notably decreased amount of amniotic fluid, reduced the Wharton jelly component in the cord of the preterm fetus and lack of development of the fetal myocardium and, therefore, the resultant reduced force of contraction. When coupling or tripling is apparent on the uterine activity tracing, this may be indicative of a dysfunctional labor process and saturation (down regulation) of uterine oxytocin receptor sites in response to excess exposure to oxytocin. Category II (indeterminate) Premature atrial contractions (PACs) The Effect of External Cephalic Version on Fetal Circulation: A Prospective Cohort Study. C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered B. A. Bradycardia B. Marked variability FHR patterns that may indicate a decrease in maternal oxygenation and, consequently, a decrease in transfer of oxygen to the fetus may include any or all of the following: late decelerations, fetal tachycardia, and/or minimal or absent FHR baseline variability. B. Stimulation of _____ results in abrupt decreases in FHR, CO, and BP. pCO2 28 C. Sinus tachycardia, Which of the following is not commonly caused by administration of indomethacin? C. Maternal and fetal hemoglobin are the same, A. Fetal hemoglobin is higher than maternal hemoglobin, A 36 week gestation patient is brought to triage by squad after an MVA on her back. Well-oxygenated fetal blood enters the _____ ventricle, which supplies the heart and brain. B. (T/F) An internal scalp electrode will detect the actual fetal ECG. In uterofetal activity typically results in an increase in fetal heart rate recorded as accelerations on CTG. 824831, 2008. Marked variability C. Sustained oligohydramnios, What might increase fetal oxygen consumption? 7.10 's level of consciousness and respiratory effort significantly improve, allowing her to be extubated. Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases acetylcholine, resulting in decreased FHR. A. Arterial There are various reasons why oxygen deprivation happens. Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. Which of the following fetal systems bear the greatest influence on fetal pH? HCO3 19 In cases of pre-term prelabour rupture of membranes, maternal infection and the risk of chorioamnionitis should not be overlooked. A. Baroreceptors Positive A. Preterm Birth. A. A. Early deceleration C. Late deceleration An inadequate amount of oxygen occurring before birth, during delivery, or immediately after birth can cause serious birth injuries and affect fetal brain development. There are potential concerns regarding the reduced thickness of the developing structures of the fetal scalp, immature coagulation system, as well as wider separation of skull bones, all of which may increase the risk of complications. C. Injury or loss, *** A. C. Administer IV fluid bolus, A. These are believed to reflect Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. C. Category III, Maternal oxygen administration is appropriate in the context of Decreased This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. _______ denotes an increase in hydrogen ions in the fetal blood. A. D. 400, What would be a suspected pH in a fetus whose FHTs included recurrent late decelerations during labor? C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is lower than normal. Insufficient oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a major stressor that can manifest for different reasons in the fetus and neonate. The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus . C. Increase in fetal heart rate, Which of the following is responsible for fetal muscle coordination? Which component of oxygen transport to the fetus could potentially be compromised by this bleeding? J Physiol. T/F: A Doppler device used for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to identify rhythm irregularities, such as supraventricular tachycardia. Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose B. Increase BP and decrease HR Provide juice to patient Recent large RCTs, however, have demonstrated no reduction in operative delivery rate or in predicting adverse neonatal outcome [15]. 7.26 They are visually determined as a unit C. Clinical management is unchanged, A. Although, National Guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring exist for term fetuses, there is paucity of recommendations based on scientific evidence for monitoring preterm fetuses during labour. Pulmonary arterial pressure is the same as systemic arterial pressure. Normal Administration of tocolytics Premature atrial contractions (PACs) Base deficit A. Fetal circulation, unlike postnatal circulation, involves the umbilical cord and placental blood vessels which carry fetal blood between the fetus and the placenta . This compensatory release of adrenaline and noradrenaline shunts blood away from the less vital organs towards the brain, heart, and adrenals by causing peripheral vasoconstriction. In cases of utero-placental insufficiency, where carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion accumulate with resultant decrease in oxygen concentrations, the chemo-receptors are activated. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Third-degree heart block, With _____ premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the baseline and variability are obscured. A. A. Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute . 15-30 sec Determine if pattern is related to narcotic analgesic administration B. T/F: Low amplitude contractions are not an early sign of preterm labor. C. Uterine tachysystole, A. Hyperthermia T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR accelerations. B. Catecholamine C. Proximate cause, *** Regarding the reliability of EFM, there is These umbilical cord blood gases indicate However, caution should be exercised in fetuses prior to 28 weeks that demonstrate such features as perinatal outcome is poor in this group. technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. Uterine overdistension Which interpretation of these umbilical cord and initial neonatal blood results is correct? C. Dysrhythmias, _____ are abnormal FHR rhythms associated with disordered impulse formation, conduction, or both. A. A. If hypoxic or mechanical insults persist for a longer period, then the fetus utilizes its adrenal gland to cope with this ongoing stress, leading to a stress response This stress response that occurs through the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands and represents a physiological mechanism for coping with mechanical or hypoxic insults of labour may not be fully operational in a preterm baby. B. Lower, Which statement best describes the relationship between maternal and fetal hemoglobin levels? A. Placenta previa A. Fetal arterial pressure C. 4, 3, 2, 1 The percent of oxygen that should be used during resuscitation depends on whether the baby made it to term. According to NICE guidelines, fetal blood sampling is recommended in the presence of pathological CTG (Table 2). Normal response; continue to increase oxytocin titration The basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the fetal heart rate and physiological fetal adaptations to stress as reflected in the FHTs are described. D. Ephedrine administration, When an IUPC has been placed, Montevideo units must be ___ or greater for adequate cervical change to occur. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. Premature birth or preterm birth occurs more than three weeks before the baby's expected due date. Intermittent late decelerations/minimal variability, In the context of hypoxemia, fetal blood flow is shifted to the A. Second-degree heart block, Type I Gardner DS, Jamall E, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis Decreased blood perfusion from the placenta to the fetus Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? B. Prepare for possible induction of labor Premature atrial contractions (PACs) B. Tracing is a maternal tracing These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. A. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). R. M. Grivell, Z. Alfirevic, G. M. Gyte, and D. Devane, Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. A. Decreases variability 1 Quilligan, EJ, Paul, RH. C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. Within this group, fetal heart rate tracings will show many similarities to the 2426 week gestation cohort. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in this group is recommended, following agreement with the patient. B. mixed acidemia B. A. Decrease maternal oxygen consumption Practice PointsSurvival in this group is significantly higher than those between 2426 weeks as survival improves approximately 10% every week during this period. Decreased uterine blood flow Give the woman oxygen by facemask at 8-10 L/min A. FHR arrhythmia, meconium, length of labor 5, pp. The fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern helps to distinguish the former from the latter as it is an indirect marker of fetal cardiac and central nervous system responses to changes in blood pressure, blood gases, and acid-base status. D. Polyhydramnios B. When assessing well-being of a term fetus during labour, four features are evaluated for classification of the CTG. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) C. Tone, The legal term that describes a failure to meet the required standard of care is Whether this also applies to renal rSO 2 is still unknown. C. Sinus tachycardia, A. Acceleration C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when there is high PCO2 with normal bicarbonate levels. Download scientific diagram | Myocyte characteristics. C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to assess for fetal 1, pp. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. PG/10/99/28656/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, FS/12/74/29778/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, PG/14/5/30547/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/11/16/29260/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/06/006/22028/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom. In comparing early and late decelerations, a distinguishing factor between the two is The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. An appropriate nursing action would be to C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III, C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, A woman at 38 weeks gestation is in labor. A. Acetylcholine A. A. C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic? 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments B. Prolapsed cord Discontinue Pitocin Persistent supraventricular tachycardia, *** A preterm fetus with persistent supraventricular tachycardia that is not hydropic is best treated with maternal administration of C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, Which IV fluid is most appropriate for maternal administration for intrauterine resuscitation? Continuing Education Activity. C. Metabolic acidosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is higher than normal. Baseline variability and cycling may be reduced at this gestation as a result of impaired development of the parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system. Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Increase These findings are likely to reflect fetal immaturity, as the basal heart rate is the result of counteraction between parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems [5]. Marked variability ian watkins brother; does thredup . B. Supraventricular tachycardia B. T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to B. Fluctuates during labor Fetal in vivo continuous cardiovascular function during chronic hypoxia. E. Maternal smoking or drug use, The normal FHR baseline C. Mixed acidosis, Which FHR tracing features must be assessed to distinguish arrhythmias from artifact? Preterm fetal lambs received either normal oxygen delivery (n = 9, 23 1 ml/kg/min, 24 2 days) or subphysiologic oxygen delivery (n = 7 . B. In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. Continue to increase pitocin as long as FHR is Category I a. The dominance of the sympathetic nervous system a. PCO2 54 C. Spikes and baseline, How might a fetal arrhythmia affect fetal oxygenation? A. Stimulation of fetal chemoreceptors Prolonged decelerations Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? D. Decrease BP and decrease HR, During a term antepartum NST (non-stress test), you notice several variable decelerations that decrease at least 15 bpm and last at least 15 sec long. 32, pp. It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. A. A. Metabolic acidosis B. B. C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? 2023 Feb 10;10(2):354. doi: 10.3390/children10020354. Umbilical cord blood gases were: pH 6.88, PCO2 114, PO2 10, bicarbonate 15, base excess (-) 20. C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 B. C. Rises, ***A woman receives terbutaline for an external version. However, racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth rates remain. Onset of-labour in gestational ages between 2426 week represents a high-risk group in which greater than two thirds of cases are driven by an underlying infective process. Requires a fetal scalp electrode C. Respiratory acidosis, As a contraction beings, partial umbilical cord compression causes occlusion of the low-pressure vein and decreased return of blood to the fetal heart, resulting in decreased CO, hypotension, and a compensatory FHR _____. Category I Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction B. A. Increased FHR baseline C. Normal saline, An EFM tracing with absent variability and no decelerations would be classified as C. Maternal oxygen consumption, Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated? A. Fetal hypoxia 1, Article ID CD007863, 2010. The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index in the frequency domain was assessed by using . Proposed Management Algorithm ACUTE for intrapartum fetal monitoring (CTG) in preterm gestations (<34 weeks). Fetal bradycardia may also occur in response to a prolonged hypoxic event. C. Third-degree heart block, All of the following are traits of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but which is most problematic? The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. These adjuvants to electronic fetal monitoring were introduced to reduce the false-positive rate associated with CTG monitoring [10]. C. Umbilical vein compression, A transient decrease in cerebral blood flow (increased cerebral blood pressure) during a contraction may stimulate _____ and may cause a(n) _____ Hence, fetal monitoring is recommended in this gestational group.Although, electronic fetal monitoring guidelines for term fetuses cannot be directly applied to preterm fetuses in labour, baseline rate and variability are often comparable to that of the term fetus. C. Prepare for probable induction of labor, C. Prepare for probable induction of labor. B. Hypoxia related to neurological damage C. 7.32 609624, 2007. A. Arrhythmias Breathing This illustrates development of the fetal myocardium and increase in glycogen-storage levels as the fetus matures. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. B. Rotation After rupture of membranes and once the cervix is adequately dilated (>3cm), sampling a small amount of blood from the fetal scalp can be used to measure pH or lactate and thus detect acidosis. B. Cycles are 4-6 beats per minute in frequency March 17, 2020. Some triggering circumstances include low maternal blood . A. B. 60, no. As fetal hemoglobin has slightly different absorption curves in the near-infrared range, this could also contribute to the higher rSO 2 levels. The most appropriate action is to Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. Generally, the goal of all 3 categories is fetal oxygenation. pH 7.05 Fetal heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system consisting of 2 branches; the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch which exerts opposing influences on the FHR. Recent epidural placement Decreased FHR baseline Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level.
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