Bookmark. But what about the things that are about us? In short, your TOK exhibition is a holding forth by you demonstrating how you understand some of the key TOK terms and how you are able to apply them to the real world. Again, the interpretation of the prompts provided here is an interpretation only and its purpose is to provoke thought on your part as to why you have chosen the images that you have chosen and what these choices provide your audience regarding your understanding of the world. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. This is the contradiction we live within. We have, of course, film critics, art critics etc. You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? They. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. pistis [pstis]; Lat. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. Required fields are marked *. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? Such a definition is correct to a point. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. Reason renders an account of the truth of judgement. Works of art, poems, and tragedies are all perceived as things, and the manner of our questioning about them is done through research, the calculation that determines why the things/the works are as they are through historical studies. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. isabellas brunch menu . Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? From world-views and world-pictures is determined what and how we understand what our personal and shared knowledge are to be. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. What do these choices indicate? This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. It is this that we call understanding. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Other connotations of the word imply some things importance or value such as a disputed goal in football where we say the goal counts i.e. Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. Scientists do not conduct exact experiments to discover whether nature conforms to mathematical regularities; they do so because they presuppose a projection of nature as mathematical. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. Your email address will not be published. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. In doing this, you as a human being will understand yourself in terms of the possibilities open to you through your thinking. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. Modern science experiences the demand to render sufficient reasons as a crisis currently. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. The what, how and why of those changes in values and beliefs or what have become known as paradigm shifts in human being-in-the-world have brought about many consequences once they were established as our way of viewing and being-in-the-world. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. (cf. An exact science leads to an exact machine technology. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. let alone the things of nature, are not truly mirrors in which we behold only ourselves (Heidegger). Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. The language used by Plato in his dialogues, for instance, is an attempt to get beyond the chit-chat of everyday speech, the language we most commonly use in our everyday dealings with things and with others. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. Our being-in-the-world is permeated by a lack of knowledge. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. 9. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason.